quantum mechanics replaced the traditional mechanics in the early twentieth century. To study Schrodinger’ s wave equation, whose position in this new mechanics is like the status of Newton’ s movement laws in traditional mechanics, numerous philosophical statements have been offered, one of which is ‘ quantum logic’ . The founders of quantum logic claim that on the basis of their observations in quantum level, the traditional logic, which previously served as the measurement for right and wrong arguments, lacks the proper efficiency and must be replaced by one of the expressions of quantum logic. In the present article, while shortly introducing quantum mechanics and quantum logic, we have avoided entering the formal discussions of quantum logic and used analytical method to investigate the possibility of replacing the traditional logic with quantum logic. According to this study, it was clarified that one must regard quantum logic just as a mathematical formulization, not an alternative logic, because firstly it is dependent on a certain statement of Schrodinger’ s equation, and secondly, one must use traditional logic to falsify it. Applying this logic to traditional and quantum logic would result in truth and falsehood of both logics and not falsehood of traditional logic and truth of alternative logic.

To examine Putnam's views on the application of quantum logic is the aim of this paper. Hilary Putnam defends quantum logic in his works. According to him, classical logic cannot answer the problems arising in quantum mechanics. Therefore, we need to present a non-classical logic, namely quantum logic. Putnam argues three main reasons for the transition from classical logic to quantum: I. to be false some of the necessary truths of logic, II. have to change of logic, III. the pattern of three-valued logic. Putnam's views about this transition to quantum logic can be considered from several points: First, despite Putnam's criticism of classical logic, he defends quantum logic through the rules of classical logic. Second, it is a bulky claim to know of quantum logic as “true” logic. Third, the conclusions of the Cartesian product have changed in Putnam's analysis. Fourth, in his logic system, Putnam pays attention to “intuition” instead of relying on “axioms.” Fifth, the middle value of truth is ineffective and erroneous in quantum logic. Despite these criticisms, many of them can be answered analytically.

quantum computing is a new method of information processing that is based on the concepts of quantum mechanics and leads to strange and powerful events in the quantum field. The logic synthesis of quantum circuits refers to the process of converting a given quantum gate into a set of gates that can be implemented in quantum technologies. The most famous logic synthesis methods are CSD and QSD. The main goal of this study is to present a multi-objective logical synthesis method combining the above two methods in the quantum circuit model with the aim of optimizing the evaluation criteria. In this proposed method, the solution space is created from different combinations of CSD and QSD decomposition methods. The created solution space is a space with a very large exponential size. Then, using a bottom-up approach of multi-objective dynamic programming, a method is presented to search only a part of the entire solution space to find circuits with the optimal Pareto costs. The obtained results show that this method creates a balance between the evaluation criteria and produces many optimal Pareto solutions that can be selected according to different quantum technologies.

quantum-logic synthesis refers to generating a quantum circuit for a given arbitrary quantum gate according to a specific universal gate library implementable in quantum technologies. Previously, an approach called block-based quantum decomposition (BQD) has been proposed to synthesize quantum circuits by using a combination of two well-known quantum circuit synthesis methods, namely, quantum Shannon decomposition (QSD) and cosine-sine decomposition (CSD). In this paper, an improved block-based quantum decomposition (IBQD) is proposed. IBQD is a parametric approach and explores a larger space than CSD, QSD, and BQD to obtain best results for various synthesis cost metrics. IBQD cost functions for synthesis are calculated in terms of different synthesis cost metrics with respect to the parameters of the proposed approach. Furthermore, in order to find optimum results according to these functions, IBQD synthesis approach is defined as a constrained-optimization model. The results show that IBQD can lead to the minimum total gate cost among all the proposed approaches for the specific case of 4-qubit quantum circuit synthesis. Moreover, for the first time, the depth costs of the CSD, QSD, BQD, and IBQD synthesis approaches are evaluated and it is shown that IBQD makes a trade-off between the total gates and depth costs for the synthesized quantum circuits.

Currently, carbon quantum dots have attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties and desirable advantages. High crystallinity, water solubility, good dispersibility, small size, low toxicity, inexpensive raw materials, high chemical stability, environmental compatibility, low cost, stability under light, desirable charge transfer with advanced electronic conductivity, as well as specific thermal and mechanical properties are some of these features. Carbon quantum dots have various applications in different fields. Fabrication of precise chemical and biological sensors, bioimaging, solar cells, drug tracking, nanomedicine, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and electrocatalysts are some of these applications. Biological sensors based on carbon quantum dots are capable of detecting various metal ions, acids, proteins, biotin, polypeptides, DNA and miRNA, water pollutants, hematin, drugs, vitamins, and other chemicals. In the present study, the properties of carbon quantum dots and some of their fabrication and applications methods have been addressed. In continuation of the paper, the effect of carbon quantum dots on important factors in plants such as growth and development, photosynthesis, absorption and transportation of substances, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as their application in agriculture has been investigated.

Various synthesis methods have been proposed in the literature for reversible and quantum logic circuits. However, there are few algorithms to optimize an existing circuit with multiple constraints simultaneously. In this paper, some heuristics in genetic algorithms (GA) to optimize a given circuit in terms of quantum cost, number of gates, location of garbage outputs, and delay, are proposed. The proposed methods can optimize an existing circuit with a given truth table, including don't care values, for different aspects of optimality. The results show good enhancements in the optimization of benchmark circuits compared to the previously published methods.